Metallic materials began to be used for piping system
regularly in 1950s as implementation of Code API 5L about steel material
selection for piping system. At the end 1980s there were various kinds of steel
material for pipe based on the grade which was set by API such as grade A25, A,
B, X42, X46, X52, X56, X60, X64, X70 and X80. In each grade there are
differences in mechanical properties depending on chemical content and its
containing material. Specifications steel material in the manufacturing process
generally refers to chemical composition, material strength, and manufacturing
tolerance.
Some criteria should be determined to get right material and
suitable for piping system design. The following below are the criteria that
can be used in the analysis of pipe material selection:
·
Mechanical properties, include:
o
Material strength to resist static load
o
Material toughness to resist dynamic load
o
Material ductility due to installation piping
system process
·
Weld ability
o
Ability of material pipe to be easily welded or
not.
·
Corrosion resistance
o
Material pipe ability to resist corrosion.
·
Cost, relating to the price of material pipe to
be used.
·
Availability
o
Relating to availability of material pipe on the
market in large numbers, this condition should be analyzed to avoid special
order that allow high price for the production.
There are two types of pipe material which is frequently
used either in oil and gas industry, power plant and other industries:
1.
Carbon Steel
Carbon Steel is one of pipe material and it is the most
widespread of use in the oil and gas Industry, power plant and other
industries. Almost all of these pipe materials have specifications issued by
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) and ASME (American Society of
Mechanical Engineering.
There are three types of Carbon Steel are the most widely
used, namely:
·
ASTM A106, This type has three grades, namely
Grade A, B, and C. This grade refers to the amount of Tensile Strength
materials. The amount of Tensile Strength of ASTM A106 are:
·
Grade A: 48 ksi
·
Grade B: 60 ksi
·
Grade C: 70 ksi
Among the third grade, pipe material which is usually used
is ASTM A106 Grade B.
·
ASTM A 53: This material is also often used by
elements of pipe that are coated by zinc (galvanized), or often used as an
alternative for the A106 type. Grade A53 has three grades, namely Grade A, B,
and C. In addition, A53 also has three types, namely:
·
Type E: Electric Resistance Weld
·
Type F: Furnace Butt Weld
·
Type S: Seamless
A53 Grade A and B have same
Tensile Strength with ASTM A106 Grade A and B.
·
ASTM A 333: This material is often used on the
fluid having low temperature, ranging from -50°F.
2.
Stainless Steel
Pipes are often categorized in Stainless Steel pipe is
actually having the full name of austenitic stainless steel. But this pipe
material is more often known by the name of Stainless Steel.
Stainless Steel has Grade 18, but type 304L is often used.
In essence, Type 304 is the type that has low carbon content with the aim of
strengthening the ability to withstand corrosion. With the addition of L
letters behind his name, the 304L, it shows that this type has lower carbon
content, much lower than just 304.
Thus, in application, there are two types of stainless steel
that is commonly known and used in oil and gas industry and other industries as
follow:
·
ASTM A312: This standard is used for pipe sizes
under 8 inches.
·
ASTM A358: This standard is used for pipe sizes
above 8 inches.
There are many other types of pipe material is quite often
used beside two pipe materials above (carbon steel and stainless steel) such
as:
·
Chrome-Moly Pipe: namely Chromium-Molybdenum
Alloy Pipe, which consist of 10 grades, and refer to ASTM A335.
·
Nickel and Nickel Alloy Pipe: example that is
widely used is Inconel, Incoloy and Monel.
·
Piping Cast iron, Cooper Piping
·
Plastic Pipe, concrete pipe.
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